CONNECTORS
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect two independent clauses (sentences).
Note: A comma always appears before a coordinating conjunction that separates two independent clauses.
| Purpose | Conjunction | Example |
| To show reason | For* | He ate a sandwich, for he was hungry. |
| To add information | And | Carla lives in Toronto, and she is a student. |
| To add negative information | Nor** | Roberto doesn’t like opera, nor does he enjoy hip-hop. |
| To show contrast | But | The exam was difficult, but everyone passed. |
| To give a choice | Or | We can eat Chinese food, or we can order a pizza. |
| To show concession/ contrast | Yet+ | The exam was difficult, yet everyone passed |
| To show result | So | It was raining, so we decided to stay home last night. |
*The conjunction for is not common in spoken English.
**Notice question word order is used in the clause that follows nor.
+The conjunctions but and yet have similar meanings. However, yet is generally used to show a stronger contrast.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a dependent clause and an independent clause.
Note: When the sentence begins with the dependent clause, a comma should be used after the clause. Following is a list of common subordinating conjunctions.
| Purpose | Conjunction | Example |
| To show reason/ cause | because | He ate a sandwich, because he was hungry. |
| | since | Since he was hungry, he ate a sandwich. |
| | as | As he was hungry, he ate a sandwich. |
| | | |
| To show contrast | although | Although the exam was difficult, everyone passed. |
| | though | Though the exam was difficult, everyone passed. |
| | even though | Even though the exam was difficult, everyone passed. |
| | while | Deborah is a dentist, while John is a doctor. |
| | | |
| To show time relationship | after | After we ate dinner, we went to a movie. |
| | before | We ate dinner before we went to a movie. |
| | until | I won’t call you until I finish studying. |
| | while | While the pasta is cooking, I’ll cut the vegetables. |
| | as | As I was leaving the office, it started to rain. |
| | | |
| To show condition | if | If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay home. |
| | even if | We’ll go to the park even if it rains tomorrow. |
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