Semantic properties or meaning properties are those aspects of a
linguistic unit, such as a morpheme, word, or sentences, that contribute to the
meaning of that unit.
Basic semantic properties include being meaningful or meaningless for example,
whether a given words is part of a language’s lexicon with generally understood
meaning,: polysemy, having multiple, typically
related, meaning : ambiguity, having meanings which aren’t necessarily
related: and anomaly, where the elements of a unit are semantically
incompatible with each other, although possibly grammatically sound. Beyond the
expression it self, there are higher-level
semantic relations that describe
the relationship between units: these include synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy.
Besides basic properties of semantics, semantic
property is also sometimes used to describe the semantic components of a word,
such as man assuming that the
referent is human, male, and adult,
or female being a common component of
girl, woman, and actress. In this sense, semantic properties are used to define the
semantic field of a word or set of words.
Synonyms are word with similar meanings
·
Synonyms usually differ in at least one
semantic feature.
· Sometimes the feature
is objective (denotative) , referring to some actual, real world difference in
the referents: walk, lumber, stroll,
meander, lurch, stagger, stide, mince.
· Sometimes the feature is subjective
(connotative), referring to how the speaker feels about the referent rather
than any real difference in the referent itself: die, pass away, give up the ghost, kick the bucket,croak.
Antonym are
words that have the opposite meaning. Oppositeness is a logical category. There are these three types :
§
Complementary pairs are antonyms in
which the presence of one quality or state signifies the absence of the other
and vice verse. Single/married, not
pregnant/pregnant. There are no intermediate states.
§ Gradable
pairs are antonyms which allow for a gradual transition between two poles, the
possibility of making a comparison—a
little/a lot good/bad, hot/cold
§
Relational opposites are antonyms which
share the same semantic features, only the focus, or direction, is reversed: tie/untie, buy/sell, give/receive,
teacher/pupil, father/son.
There are a few other minor semantic relations that
may pertain between words. The first involves the distinction between a
category vs. A particular type oe example of that category.
For example:
1) A tiger is a type of feline , so feline is a
category containing lion, tiger, etc.
2) Colour is a category
containing red, green, etc
Thus, feline and
color are hyponyms.
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